Test Review!

For the test you can study off your objectives list but, here is some general terms and information you need to know for the test...

People: Jean Baptiste de Lemark- first to recognize organism change. He had 3 key assumptions:

1. Desire to Change



2. Law of Use and Disuse



3. Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics

Charles Darwin- Credited for theory of evolution. He sailed on The Beagle in 1831 to the Galapagos Islands. There he observed tortoises, iguanas and finches. The islands had different climates and vegetation and the animals were similar but, had noticeable differences. He published Origin of Species in 1858.
Terms:
Fitness- How well a organism survives and reproduces in its environment Adaption- Hertiable characteristics that increase fitness

Darwin's theory was accepted and he was correct, not Lemark. Darwin's theory are supported but these 4 key things:

1. Homologous Structures- Structures in organism similar but, in different species



2. Vestigal Structures- Inherited structures but now have no function



3. Biochemical Similarities- Amino acid and hystamine sequence similar



4. Similarities in embryos- The embryos of fertilized eggs look similar at the beginning of reproduction

Speciation: Species: A group of organism that interbreed to produce fertile offspring under normal conditions. These organisms change in 3 ways:

1. Gradualism- Change in species is slow and steady



2. Punctuated Equilibrium- Long periods of stability followed by short periods of rapid change



3. Genetic Drift- Random chance
   

Isolation Mechanisms: Allow new species to form. -Reproductive isolation is the separation of a population. It needs to occur. The organism do not interbreed and gene pools become separate. There are 3 main types:

1. Behavioral- Have different courtship rituals



2. Geographical- Separated geographically



3. Temporal- When species reproduce at different times
   

Ancient Earth: Miller- Urey Experiment: Reproduced conditions of ancient earth. Exp: Electric sparks stimulated lightning and showed how Amino Acids formed.

• Photosynthesis: Gave rise to atmosphere with oxygen



• Aerobic Respiration: Cellular Respiration (Production of ATP) that requires oxygen



• Sexual Reproduction: Cells from 2 parents unite to form the cell of a new organism
  

Fossils: Preserved remain and traces of organisms that are ancient

• Paleontologist: Scientist who study fossils



• Radioactive Dating: Used to estimate age of fossils



• Sedimentary Rock: When sediments build up out of sands, mud and clays either in desert or bottom of body of water



• Half-Life: amount of time it takes for half radioactive atoms to decay

Primates: Animals with following characteristics:

• Binocular Vision- Ability to merge visual images from both eyes


• Prehensile: Long tails that can tightly coil around a tree branch (Only some primates)


• Developed Brains


• Long fingers and toes


• Oppossable thumbs- Can grab objects and use tools


• Bipedal- Walk on 2 feet


• Hominid- Belong to group of anthropoids including humans, chimps and gorillas

Hominine Evolution:

1. Ardipithecus Ramedus "Ardi"- 4.4 Mya
2. Australopithecus Affrensis "Lucy"-3.2 Mya
3. Homo Habilis "Handy Man" - 2 Mya (Used tools and was first genus of Homo)
4. Homo Erectus "Java Man" - 1 Mya (First to use fire)
5. Homo Neanderthalensis - 200,00 years ago
6. Homo Sapien- 100,000 years ago (Humans)

You can also use your textbook to study chapters:

• 15
• 16
• 17
• 32
• 19.1
• 23.6

Make sure you look over your labs as well:

• Breakfast for Birds
• Evidence of Evolution
• Natural Selection
• Variation in Grasshopper legs
• Radioactive Dating
• Evolutionary Changes in Primates

I hope this helps! Good Luck!